and salts, and exhibit physical properties (thermal conductivity, electrical resistivity, abrasion resistance, etc) and mechanical properties (modulus, strength, coefficient of friction, etc) relevant to the target tissue. SynTissue™ synthetic human tissues have now been designed to mimic more than 100 soft tissues.
Validation
Our soft tissues are validated at both the individual tissue and organ level. Tissue level validation involves comparing the physical and mechanical properties of the synthetic analog to the live tissue on which it is based (both data sets must be collected under identical conditions). The list of physical and mechanical properties examined may include strength or modulus in tension, compression, or shear, coefficient of static or dynamic friction, electrical impedance, thermal conductivity, optical absorption, and salt, fiber, and water contents. Organ level validation involves comparing the structure and performance of the organ, muscle, or artery to the target anatomy on which it is based. For the artery example, organ level validation might involve measuring the force required to puncture the artery, or the pressure required to expand the artery to a predetermined size. For our purposes a property set is considered to be validated when there is no more than a 20% difference between mean property values for the synthetic tissue and live tissue.
Customization
We customize both the structure of finished organs and the chemical composition of individual tissues for our clients. On the organ level we routinely build custom organs based on either CAD files, VR models, or MRI and CT images of actual patient anatomy. On the individual tissue level we may modify the levels of certain collagen and cellulose types or add different sugars and salts to modify the performance of laser, radio frequency, ablation, or harmonic devices. In some cases we design-in semiconductive barrier layers to yield more complex dielectric behavior. In addition, we can add LIVING human cell layers to lumenal components of the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, respiratory, and reproductive systems in our our SynDaver™ synthetic human.
SynDaver™ Synthetic Human
The SynDaver™ Synthetic Human (SSH) is the most elaborate and sophisticated hands-on surgical simulator ever devised. The SSH is a synthetic physical representation of typical human anatomy, including skin with fat and fascia planes, every bone, muscle, tendon, and ligament in the body, a functioning respiratory system including trachea, lungs, and diaphragm, a complete digestive tract from the esophagus to rectum, the visceral organs (kidneys, liver, gall bladder, pancreas, spleen) a circulatory system with heart and coronary arteries, aorta, vena cava, and the primary arterial and venous trunks leading to the extremities. The system is capable of ventilation, insufflation, and is typically perfused with the aid of our battery-powered heart pump, which features separate arterial and venous flow circuits. Individual tissues have been developed over the course of the last decade to accurately mimic the interaction between tissue-tools and live tissue.
SynDaver™ Basic
SynDaver™ Basic (SB) is a torso with head which features an articulated skeletal system with simplified joints, a monolithic muscular shell with removable abdominal insert, and unisex skin. This product combines the high-fidelity realism of SynTissue™ synthetic human tissues with a simplified musculo-skeletal superstructure, allowing placment of chest tubes, central lines and intravenous catheters, intubation, cricothyroidotomy, tracheotomy, vascular anastomosis, wound debridement,
